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The occurrence and diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species (C. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across Canada. These basins located in Quebec (Bras d'Henri), Alberta (Old...
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The occurrence and diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species (C. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across Canada. These basins located in Quebec (Bras d'Henri), Alberta (Oldman), Ontario (South Nation), and British Columbia (Sumas) represented some of the most intensive farming areas in Canada for hog, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and poultry, respectively. This study analyzed 769 water samples collected from 23 monitoring sites with agricultural influence, and four reference sites with limited or no agricultural influence. Water samples were collected bi-weekly over two years and analyzed for Campylobacter using a semi-quantitative minimum probable number (MPN) enrichment protocol. Putative isolates were confirmed by genus- and species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. A total of 377 (49%) water samples were positive for campylobacters with 355 samples having a cell density ranging from 4 to 4000 MPN L~(-1). Campylobacters were more common at agricultural than reference sites in each river basin, although this difference was not significant in the Oldman and South Nation (p ＞ 0.05). Campylobacter was significantly more common in the Bras d'Henri and Sumas (63%) compared to the South Nation (45%) and Oldman (33%) River basins (p ＜ 0.05). C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari were detected in each river basin, and these species occurred in 45% (n = 168), 34% (n = 128) and 19% (n = 73), of all Campylobacter positive samples, respectively. The remaining Campylobacter positive water samples without these three species (n = 67; 18%) were identified as other Campylobacter species. C. jejuni was the predominant species occurring in the Sumas, Oldman and South Nation River basins. However, in the Bras d'Henri River basin with intensive hog production, C. coli was the predominant species. This study found campylobacters to be common in some agricultural systems with intensive livestock farming activities, and different river basins could have strikingly different profiles of either C. jejuni or C. coli as the predominant waterborne thermophilic Campylobacter species.
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The partridges used in this study were taken from privately controlled rearing farm. In the study, 20 partridges (10 male and 10 female) were used Partridge meats, which were slaughtered in a special poultry slaughterhouse, were b...
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The partridges used in this study were taken from privately controlled rearing farm. In the study, 20 partridges (10 male and 10 female) were used Partridge meats, which were slaughtered in a special poultry slaughterhouse, were brought to the laboratory under aseptic and cold conditions and examined. Thermophilic CampylobacterhoXa&on and identification from samples were based on the method reported by Food and Drug Administration In this study, 20 partridge samples were examined. Campylobacter species were isolated 11 samples. 8 (40%) of them C. coli. 2 (10%) of them C. jejuni and 1 of them were isolated as C. lari. When the gender is taken into consideration. C. coli were detected in 4 female partridge meals (40%). C. coli was detected from 4 malepartridge meal (40% ) and 2 of them (20%) C. jejuni and 1 of them (10%) were isolated as C. lari. Partridge meat poses a risk to public health and was concluded that some precautions should be taken. For this reason, breeders should be very careful about the rules of personal and general hygiene. By using chlorinated water in coops and doing Campylobacter vaccinations, Campylobacter colonization was reduced By using tools and methods which reduced contamination to the lowest level during the slaughtering, protection from breakage of the cold-chain and cross-contamination should be considered. As one of the major causes of food-bome gastrointestinal diseases all over the world, the risk of campylobacteriosis cases can be minimized with applications ofsufficient heat process at stage of preparation for consumption and making the routine isolation and identification of Campylobacter.
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Eine Vielzahl von PCR-Nachweismethoden für Campylobacter jejuni und C. coli wurden bereits publiziert. Hier wird eine Zusammenfassung von aktuellen PCR-Nachweismethoden für thermophile Campylobacter spp. präsentiert, die dem An...
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Eine Vielzahl von PCR-Nachweismethoden für Campylobacter jejuni und C. coli wurden bereits publiziert. Hier wird eine Zusammenfassung von aktuellen PCR-Nachweismethoden für thermophile Campylobacter spp. präsentiert, die dem Anwender exemplarisch eine schnelle tabellarische übersicht über aktuelle Methoden bietet sowie über deren Zielgene und Spezifitäten. Es wurden vier konventionelle und sieben Real-Time PCR-Methoden zur Identifizierung von Campylobacter spp. verglichen. Bei den konventionellen Methoden handelt es sich um eine auf dem 16S rRNA-Gen basierende PCR, die spezifisch mit C. jejuni, C. coli und C. lari reagiert, zwei auf dem Flagellin-Gen beruhende PCR-Typisierungsmethoden, die in modifizierter Form für C. jejuni, C. coli und zusätzlich für C. lari durchgeführt wurden. Als vierte Methode wurde eine Duplex-PCR zur Identifzierung von C. jejuni und C. coli mit einbezogen. Unter den getesteten Real-Time PCR-Methoden befanden sich drei 5´-Nuklease Assays, die spezifisch C. jejuni detektieren, zwei Assays, die auf dem Flagellin-Gen beruhen und C. jejuni und C. coli gemeinsam erfassen, eine Duplex-PCR, die C. jejuni (mapA-Gen) und C. coli (ceu-EGen) identifizieren kann und noch mit einer unveröffentlichten internen Kontrolle kombiniert wurde, sowie eine Lightcycler-Methode, die auf dem 16S rRNA-Gen basiert und C. jejuni, C. coli und C. lari gemeinsam detektiert, aber nicht differenziert. Die Methoden sind entweder unverändert aus Publikationen übernommen oder auch nach Datenbankanalysen modifziert worden. Zum Testen wurden 65 Campylobacter-Stämme aus 12 verschiedenen Spezies eingesetzt. Die Inklusivität war insgesamt bei allen Methoden sehr gut, bei der Exklusivität gab es Unsicherheiten. Real-Time PCR-Methoden, die auf dem Flagellin-Gen beruhen, können in manchen Fällen die verwandten Arten C. lari oder C. upsaliensis mit erfassen. Der enge Verwandte C. hyoilei wird in fast allen Fällen gleichzeitig mit C. coli detektiert.
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Background and purpose: Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are among the most frequently causes of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide which is mainly due to poultry meat consumption. This study aimed at investigating the pre...
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Background and purpose: Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are among the most frequently causes of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide which is mainly due to poultry meat consumption. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter isolates collected from gastrointestinal track of broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 150 fecal samples were taken from 30 commercial broiler farms during 6 months in 2014. The samples were cultured and incubated in microaerophilic conditions and stained by Carbolfuchsin. The strains were then identified using biochemical tests (catalase and oxidase test). C. jejuni was detected by hippurate hydrolysis test and C. coli and C. lari were identified using indoxyl acetate hydrolysis. Antibiotic resistance against 12 common anti-microbial agents was tested by Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. were isolated in 80% of broiler flocks and 65.3% of the samples. A total of 98 Campylobacter spp. isolates was found in which C. jejuni and C. coli were detected in 79.59% and 20.4%, respectively. The highest levels of resistance were found against nalidixic acid (67%) followed by ciprofloxacin (56%), and tetracycline (56%). The lowest levels of resistance were observed against gentamicin (0%), chloramphenicol (2.5 %), and erythromycin (3%). Conclusion: Multiple resistance against anti-microbial agents was seen in several isolates and there was no isolate sensitive to all antibiotics.
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Humane Campylobactar(C)-lnfektionen nahmen im Jahr 2005 den ersten Platz unter den meldepflichtigen infektiosen Darmerkrankungen in Deutschland ein. Da Geflügelfleisch eine der Hauptursachen menschlicher Campylobacfer-lnfektionen...
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Humane Campylobactar(C)-lnfektionen nahmen im Jahr 2005 den ersten Platz unter den meldepflichtigen infektiosen Darmerkrankungen in Deutschland ein. Da Geflügelfleisch eine der Hauptursachen menschlicher Campylobacfer-lnfektionen darstellt, führte das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung in Zusammenarbeit mit ausgewahlten Landern seit Mai 2004 deutschlandweit Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von thermophilen Campylobacterspp. bei Masthahnchen zum Zeitpunkt der Schlachtung durch. Die hier prasentierten Daten wurden im Zeitraum von Mai 2004 bis April 2005 gewonnen. In vierzehn Grossschlachtbetrieben wurden alle Master, die an diese Schlachtbetriebe lieferten, einmal pro Sommer-sowie einmal pro Winterhalbjahr beprobt. Als Probenmaterial diente Blinddarmkot, der am Schlachthof gewonnen wurde. Nach Probenaufarbeitung erfolgte die Isolierung und Identifizierung von Campylobacterspp. Weiterhin wurden Antibio-tikaresistenzbestimmungen durchgeführt. In 532 (40 %) der 1331 auswertbaren untersuchten Masthahnchenherden konnten Campylobacterspp. nachgewiesen werden. Eine starke Saisonalitat war dabei erkennbar. Die hochsten Pravalenzen fanden sich in den Sommermonaten. Von den Isolaten, bei denen eine Speziesbestimmung durchgeführt worden war, erwiesen sich 268(58,5 %) als C. jejuni- und 190 (41,5 %) als C. coli-positiv. Die Resistenzen der im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie untersuchten 433 C. jejuni-und C. coli-lsolate lagen gegenüber Erythromycin bei jeweils 0,4 und 8,1 %, gegenüber Ciprofloxacin bei 41,3% und 60,2 %. Eine Gentamicin-Resistenz trat bei keinem untersuchten Isolat auf.
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An investigation was conducted in Morogoro municipality to assess the likelihood of slaughter cattle posing public health risk of contaminating carcasses with thermophilic Campylobacter. Butchers and meat shopkeepers were intervie...
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An investigation was conducted in Morogoro municipality to assess the likelihood of slaughter cattle posing public health risk of contaminating carcasses with thermophilic Campylobacter. Butchers and meat shopkeepers were interviewed on source of slaughter cattle, method of animal and carcass transportation, carcass dressing, meat storage facilities, access to clean water and availability of food hygiene practices. Faecal samples were collected from 107 slaughter cattle and after slaughter; four different parts of dressed carcasses (i.e. from ham, neck, pelvis and thigh muscles) were also sampled. In addition 107 cattle meat samples for Campylobacter culture were collected in different meat shops. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological examination using Skirrows protocol. It was found that cattle slaughter, dressing and meat handling in meatshops was done under unhygienic condition. Thermophilic Campylobacter prevalence in slaughter cattle was 5.6% while contamination rate of dressed carcasses and cattle meat at shops was 9.3% and 1.9%, respectively. The majority of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated were C. jejuni (88.9%) while C. coli was isolated at 11.1%. Findings of this study suggest possibility of humans acquiring zoonotic Campylobacter infections from cattle meat particularly when meat preparation and processing is not done properly. More work is required to establish the magnitude of zoonotic enteric Campylobacteriosis in humans and epidemiological role of cattle and other animals in the study area. Keywords Thermophilic Campylobacter - Cattle meat - Contamination - Morogoro
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Occurrences of thermophlic Campylobacter in pigs and pig carcasses was investigated in a cross-sectional study that was carried out in three selected slaughter slabs in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Before sampling, the slab hy...
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Occurrences of thermophlic Campylobacter in pigs and pig carcasses was investigated in a cross-sectional study that was carried out in three selected slaughter slabs in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Before sampling, the slab hygiene, slaughter, carcass dressing, and meat handling was assessed. Fecal samples were collected from 66 slaughter pigs at the kill floor. After slaughter, a 100-cm2 area on medial surface of the thigh muscles of dressed carcasses was sampled using sterile cotton swabs. Thereafter, the jejunal, cecal, and colon contents were also sampled. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological examination using Skirrows protocol. In all slaughter slabs visited, it was found that pig slaughter, dressing, and meat handling was done on the ground under unhygienic condition. All the slaughter slab environment were dirty and had neither tap water or drainage systems. Thermophilic Campylobacter prevalence in slaughtered pig was 66.7% while contamination rate of dressed carcasses was 10.6%. Of the Campylobacter-positive carcasses, five (12.2%) were from the animals which were also positive to Campylobacter. The isolation rate of Campylobacter in the cecum was higher (34.8%) compared to the small intestines (28.8%) and colon (16.7%) although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species as it constituted 74% of all isolates, while Campylobacter coli was isolated at 26%. This suggests possible risks of infection to people through consumption of contaminated pork or through contact with infected pigs. Cecum was found to be the major part of intestine highly colonized by Campylobacter.
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Previous studies using the immunomagnetic beads separation (IMS) technique have shown high detection limits of live campylobacters but low detection limits of formalin-killed campylobacters. The present study investigated if the a...
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Previous studies using the immunomagnetic beads separation (IMS) technique have shown high detection limits of live campylobacters but low detection limits of formalin-killed campylobacters. The present study investigated if the addition of various concentrations of reagents that alter the motility of live Campylobacter jejuni could enhance the recovery of the organisms by IMS. The addition of 5% glycerol, 0.001% formalin, 10% polyethylene glycol, or 0.001% agarose in a buffer slowed down the movement of C. jejuni and increased the recovery of live C. jejuni, using beads coated with specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The highest recovery yielded was 5.2 -± 3.3-fold with 5% glycerol at 105 colony-forming units (CFU)·mL-1. The addition of 5% glycerol also improved isolation at lower concentrations of C. jejuni (102 to 104 CFU·mL1) in buffer. The recovery by IMS of C. jejuni killed by 1% formalin was increased up to as high as 17-fold compared with the recovery of live organisms, as detected using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The reagents investigated did not enhance the immunological reactivity of the mAbs to this organism. These results indicate that the addition of several reagents enhanced the capture of C. jejuni by IMS, which could be partially due to the slowing down of the movement or the altering of the motility of C. jejuni and to the increasing of the contact time between C. jejuni and immunomagnetic beads.
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The need for organic food of animal origin has increased rapidly in recent years. However, effects of organic animal husbandry on food safety have not been rigorously tested especially in meat turkey flocks. This study provides fo...
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The need for organic food of animal origin has increased rapidly in recent years. However, effects of organic animal husbandry on food safety have not been rigorously tested especially in meat turkey flocks. This study provides for the first time an overview on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter species (spp.) in five organic meat turkey farms located in different regions in Germany, as well as on potential risk factors of bacterial spreading. Thirty cloacal swabs as well as water samples and darkling beetles were collected from each flock and examined for the presence of Campylobacter by conventional and molecular biological methods. The isolates were genotyped by flaA-RFLP. Campylobacter spp. were detected in cloacal swabs in all 5 turkey flocks with prevalence ranged from 90.0 to 100?%. 13 cloacal swabs collected from birds in farm III and IV were harboured mixed population of thermophilic campylobacters. In total, from 158 Campylobacter isolated from turkeys 89 (56.33?%) were identified as C. coli and 69 (43.76?%) as C. jejuni. Three Campylobacter (2 C. jejuni and 1 C. coli) were detected in drinkers of two farms and 3 C. coli were isolated from darkling beetles of one farm. No Campylobacter were isolated from main water tanks. flaA-RFLP assay showed that turkey farms can harbour more than one genotype. In a single turkey two different genotypes could be detected. The genotypes of campylobacters isolated from water samples or beetles were identical with those isolated from turkeys. No effect was found of some environmental parameters [ammonia concentration (NH3), carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), relative humidity (RH) and air temperature)] on Campylobacter prevalence in organic turkey farms. Additionally, drinking water and darkling beetles might be considered as risk factors for the spreading of Campylobacter in turkey flocks. This study highlights the high prevalence and genotypic diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolated from organic turkey flocks. Further research is needed to assess other potential risk factors responsible for bacteria spreading in order to mitigate the spread of Campylobacter in organic turkey flocks by improving biosecurity control measures.
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Introduction: The study aimed to isolate thermophilic Campylobacter from chickens raised three rearing methods, determine its antimicrobial susceptibilities, and examine resistance-related genes by PCR. Material and Methods: Cloac...
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Introduction: The study aimed to isolate thermophilic Campylobacter from chickens raised three rearing methods, determine its antimicrobial susceptibilities, and examine resistance-related genes by PCR. Material and Methods: Cloacal swabs or intestinal contents were taken in Istanbul, Sakarya, and Izmir provinces. Chickens were from small village-based family-run businesses (n = 70), organically raised (n = 71), and conventionally raised broilers (n = 79). The samples were cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone desoxycholate (mCCD) agar. Suspect isolates were identified with multiplex PCR (mPCR). As per EUCAST standards, MIC values were derived by broth micro dilution for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, gentamicin, and erythromycin in isolates of C. jejuni (n = 98) and C. coli (n = 83). Results: In C. jejuni, 78.6% tetracycline, 87.8% ciprofloxacin, and 81.6% nalidixic acid resistance was detected, but none was to kanamycin, gentamicin, or erythromycin. In C. coli, 98.8% ciprofloxacin and 63.9% nalidixic acid resistance was detected, whereas resistance to non-quinolones was not observed. C257T (Thr-86-Ile) mutation in the gyrA gene of all phenotypically quinolone-resistant isolates was detected through a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR (MAMA-PCR). It emerged that all isolates bore the tet (O) resistance gene. Conclusion: Common tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin resistance exists in Campylobacter isolated from chickens raised three rearing methods.
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